domenica 22 marzo 2015
domenica 15 marzo 2015
giovedì 12 marzo 2015
mercoledì 11 marzo 2015
Antidepressant use during pregnancy unlikely to increase risk of asthma in offspring
Antidepressant use during pregnancy unlikely to increase risk of asthma in offspring
A
recent study investigated whether use of prenatal antidepressants
raised the risk of asthma in the offspring. The cohort study identified
more than 733,600 children born in Denmark between 1996 and 2007.
A recent study investigated whether use of prenatal
antidepressants raised the risk of asthma in the offspring. The cohort
study identified more than 733,600 children born in Denmark between 1996
and 2007. Of that number, 84,683 children were diagnosed with asthma,
and 21,371 were exposed to prenatal maternal depression (with a
diagnosis of depressive order or use of antidepressants 1 year before or
during pregnancy). Nearly 8,900 children were exposed to
antidepressants in utero. The hazard ratio (HR) for asthma after any
antidepressant use during pregnancy was 1.00, compared with children
born to mothers with prenatal depression and no antidepressant use
during pregnancy. The researchers determined that the HR after use of
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors only was 0.95, while the HR
after newer antidepressants only was 1.11 and it was 1.26 after older
antidepressants only. The findings, the researchers report, indicate
that "antidepressant use during pregnancy in general did not increase
the risk of asthma in the offspring among women with depression, with
the exception of use of older antidepressants."
lunedì 9 marzo 2015
Condoms are more effective when applied by males
via PUBMED Ann Epidemiol. 2014 Nov;24(11):868-70. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.07.017. Epub 2014 Aug 7.
Condoms are more effective when applied by males: a study of young black males in the United States.
Crosby RA1, Milhausen RR2, Sanders SA3, Graham CA4, Yarber WL5.
Abstract
PURPOSE:
To determine, among a sample of young black male (YBM), whether female application of male condoms for penile-vaginal intercourse would be associated with higher or lower rates of breakage or slippage. A secondary aim was to investigate if higher rates of breakage or slippage were associated with increased odds of acquiring chlamydia and/or gonorrhea.METHODS:
A cross-sectional study of 412 YBM, aged 15 to 23 years, was conducted in three US cities located in the Southern United States.RESULTS:
Among YBM reporting frequent female application of condoms, 43.5% reported one or more instance of breakage or slippage, compared with those reporting less frequent female application (27.2%, P = .003). Among YBM reporting one or more event of breakage or slippage, 25.4% tested positive for chlamydia and/or gonorrhea. In contrast, among those not reporting breakage or slippage, 17.2% tested positive (P = .047).CONCLUSIONS:
Findings suggest that educational and behavioral interventions should seek to improve young women's skills relative to condom application and use. Further studies could also investigate whether intervention efforts should encourage some YBM to be responsible for their own condom application.Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS:
Condoms; Sexual behavior; Sexually transmitted diseases; Young men- PMID:
- 25193014
- [PubMed - in process]
sabato 7 marzo 2015
Laser-assisted liposuction and abdominoplasty
via Pubmed
Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2014 Feb;38(1):49-56. doi: 10.1007/s00266-013-0242-x. Epub 2013 Dec 6.
The effectiveness and safety of combining laser-assisted liposuction and abdominoplasty.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Lipoabdominoplasty is nearly a daily aesthetic procedure. Despite the emergence of laser-assisted liposuction, to date, it has not been clearly evaluated combined with abdominoplasty. This prospective study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of laser-assisted liposuction relative to traditional liposuction combined with high-lateral-tension abdominoplasty.METHODS:
This study investigated 36 consecutive female patients who underwent high-lateral-tension abdominoplasty combined with liposuction of the upper central abdomen and both flanks. The patients were divided into three equal groups based on the technique used for liposuction. Group 1 underwent conventional liposuction with abdominoplasty. Group 2 underwent a mixture of conventional and laser-assisted liposuction with abdominoplasty. Group 3 underwent laser-assisted liposuction with abdominoplasty.RESULTS:
The patients in groups 2 and 3 had a better aesthetic outcome than those in group 1 with regard to abdominal contour and skin tightness. No major complications were observed in groups 1 and 2. The patients in group 3 had a higher incidence of complications (3 seromas, 3 central necroses and dehiscence), and one patient underwent secondary sutures.CONCLUSION:
Laser-assisted liposuction combined with abdominoplasty in the lateral abdomen seems to be a safe technique with good aesthetic outcomes. Although the combined use of laser-assisted liposuction in the lateral and central abdomen can achieve relatively better aesthetic results, it is associated with significant complications, and its use cannot be supported. Proper laser parameters in the central abdominal area still need further study.LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV:
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
If not dieting, how to lose weight?
via Pubmed -
Postgrad Med. 2015 Feb;127(2):173-85. doi: 10.1080/00325481.2015.993884. Epub 2014 Dec 24.
If not dieting, how to lose weight? Tips and tricks for a better global and cardiovascular health.
Abstract
Weight loss is a popular topic and may be of serious concern for many
patients. Even with the abundant literature on obesity and
cardiometabolic risk, it is always challenging to demystify and
reinforce the determinants of safe approaches to lose weight. Measures
of central obesity are essential to characterize the patient's adiposity
distribution and should be part of the routine medical examination.
Beyond this, screening for fasting lipids and glucose are important for
the assessment of the cardiometabolic risk which may lead to increased
cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Differences in adiposity as well
as in weight loss exist between sexes and should be taken into
consideration. Rather than avoiding some food or following certain type
of diet, any planned weight loss interventions should promote lifestyle
and environmental modifications with healthy eating and appropriate
physical activity. With clear objectives, this appears to be the best
way in order to achieve weight loss goals permanently.
KEYWORDS:
Weight loss; cardiovascular health; diet; lifestyle
giovedì 5 marzo 2015
Fat burners
Obes Rev. 2011 Oct;12(10):841-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00908.x.
Fat burners: nutrition supplements that increase fat metabolism.
Abstract
The term 'fat burner' is used to describe nutrition supplements that are claimed to acutely increase fat metabolism or energy expenditure, impair fat absorption, increase weight loss, increase fat oxidation during exercise, or somehow cause long-term adaptations that promote fat metabolism. Often, these supplements
contain a number of ingredients, each with its own proposed mechanism
of action and it is often claimed that the combination of these
substances will have additive effects. The list of supplements that are claimed to increase or improve fat metabolism is long; the most popular supplements
include caffeine, carnitine, green tea, conjugated linoleic acid,
forskolin, chromium, kelp and fucoxanthin. In this review the evidence
for some of these supplements is briefly summarized. Based on the available literature, caffeine and green tea have data to back up its fat metabolism-enhancing properties. For many other supplements, although some show some promise, evidence is lacking. The list of supplements is industry-driven and is likely to grow at a rate that is not matched by a similar increase in scientific underpinning.
© 2011 The Authors. obesity reviews © 2011 International Association for the Study of Obesity.
© 2011 The Authors. obesity reviews © 2011 International Association for the Study of Obesity.
- PMID:
- 21951331
- [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
-
Pregnancy tests: urine versus blood pregnancy tests
via Pubmed
Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2014;157:A6336.
[Pregnancy tests: urine versus blood pregnancy tests].
[Article in Dutch]
Abstract
In this article, we discuss possible explanations for the discrepancy in results between urine and blood pregnancy tests. The first patient, a 26-year-old woman, had breast tenderness, was tired and suffered from abdominal pain. A urine pregnancy test
was negative, but blood human chorion gonadotropin (hCG) concentration
was 455 U/l (reference value < 6 U/l). It was concluded that the
patient was pregnant and she was followed in the outpatient clinic.
Three days later she suffered blood loss and her hCG levels returned to
normal. The diagnosis was a spontaneous abortion. The second patient, a
45-year-old woman, complained of abdominal pain, nausea and more blood
loss than with a normal period. The urine pregnancy test was negative, but the hCG level in her blood was 470.000 U/l. Echography showed a thickened, irregular endometrium. A molar pregnancy
was suspected and curettage was performed. The hCG level dropped
initially but had increased at follow-up. Persistent trophoblastic
disease was suspected and the patient underwent additional treatment.
mercoledì 4 marzo 2015
'I am still a bit unsure how much of a heart attack it really was!' Patients presenting with non ST elevation myocardial infarction lack understanding about their illness and have less motivation for secondary prevention.
via Pubmed
Search term
Search term
Result Filters
Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2014 Jun;13(3):270-6. doi: 10.1177/1474515113491649. Epub 2013 Jun 3.
'I am still a bit unsure how much of a heart attack it really was!' Patients presenting with non ST elevation myocardial infarction lack understanding about their illness and have less motivation for secondary prevention.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
There are considerable differences in the type of treatments offered to patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), in terms of the speed and urgency with which they are admitted, treated and discharged from hospital. The impact of these different treatment experiences on patients' illness perception and motivation for behavioural changes is unknown.AIM:
The aim of this study was to explore and compare patients' illness perception and motivation for behavioural change following myocardial infarction (MI) treated by different methods.METHODS:
Semi-structured, domiciliary interviews (n=15) based on the common sense model of self regulation, were conducted with three groups of MI patients within four weeks of diagnosis: (a) primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) (n=5); (b) thrombolysis (n=5); (c) non ST elevation MI (NSTEMI) (n=5). Framework analysis was used to identify and compare themes between groups.RESULTS:
Patients presenting with a ST-elevation MI (STEMI) receiving either PPCI or thrombolysis had similar perceptions of their illness as a serious, life-threatening event and were determined to make lifestyle changes. In contrast, patients with a NSTEMI experienced uncertainty about symptoms and diagnosis, causing misconceptions about the severity of their condition and less determination for lifestyle changes.CONCLUSION:
Patients with NSTEMI in this study expressed very different perceptions of their illness compared to those experiencing STEMI. Patients' clinical presentation and treatment experience during an AMI can impact on their illness perception, motivation for behavioural change and uptake of cardiac rehabilitation. Nurses should consider the patients' illness experience and perception when planning secondary prevention interventions.KEYWORDS:
Myocardial infarction; common sense model; illness perception; primary angioplasty; qualitative; secondary prevention
Heart Facts
Give a tennis ball a good, hard squeeze.You're using about the same amount of force your #heart uses to pump blood out to the body
#fact
— MedicineFactsIn30Sec (@MedicineIn30sec) 4 Marzo 2015martedì 3 marzo 2015
Lithopaedion
A lithopaedion or stone baby, is a rare phenomenon which occurs most commonly when a fetus dies during an ectopic #pregnancy and calcifies
— MedicineFactsIn30Sec (@MedicineIn30sec) 3 Marzo 2015lunedì 2 marzo 2015
Human skin cell to cure obesity, finds study
http://www.tecake.com/human-skin-cell-cure-obesity-finds-study/5650/
In a new finding, researchers have successfully converted human skin
cells into appetite controlling neurons which they believe can cure
obesity, one of the most common disease today. The human skin has the
potential to cut weight, say scientists.
The study led by researchers at Columbia University Medical Center
(CUMC) and at the New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF), found that
cells provided individualised model for studying obesity and testing
treatments.
To convert the skin cells into neurons researchers genetically reprogrammed human skin cells to turn it into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that can grow into adult cells when provided with a specific set of molecular signals in a specific order and in controlled conditions. The iPS cell technology isn’t new; it has been previously used to create a variety of adult human cells including forebrain neurons, insulin-producing beta cells and motor neurons.
For the study, researchers experimentally determined which set of molecular signals to use in specific order to transform iPS cells into arcuate hypothalamic neurons, a type of neuron that can control appetite hence obesity. The entire procedure took nearly 30 days.
Scientists found that the newly created hypothalamic neurons had the ability to accurately process neuropeptides. Moreover the cells actively responded to metabolic signals including insulin and leptin.
However, more research is required to confirm the study and find the effects of hypothalamic neurons on obesity, but the study in initial stages gave promising results. If the technology gets approval from the authorities, then it might help the millions of obese to cut the weight. Obesity has become most common disease today, especially our youth seems to suffer from obesity the most. Moreover, obesity is the root of several other diseases including cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Thus, we need several other such researches to come out with a potent solution against obesity.
The study appeared in the Journal of Clinical Investigation.
Human skin cell to cure obesity, finds study
To convert the skin cells into neurons researchers genetically reprogrammed human skin cells to turn it into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that can grow into adult cells when provided with a specific set of molecular signals in a specific order and in controlled conditions. The iPS cell technology isn’t new; it has been previously used to create a variety of adult human cells including forebrain neurons, insulin-producing beta cells and motor neurons.
For the study, researchers experimentally determined which set of molecular signals to use in specific order to transform iPS cells into arcuate hypothalamic neurons, a type of neuron that can control appetite hence obesity. The entire procedure took nearly 30 days.
Scientists found that the newly created hypothalamic neurons had the ability to accurately process neuropeptides. Moreover the cells actively responded to metabolic signals including insulin and leptin.
However, more research is required to confirm the study and find the effects of hypothalamic neurons on obesity, but the study in initial stages gave promising results. If the technology gets approval from the authorities, then it might help the millions of obese to cut the weight. Obesity has become most common disease today, especially our youth seems to suffer from obesity the most. Moreover, obesity is the root of several other diseases including cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Thus, we need several other such researches to come out with a potent solution against obesity.
The study appeared in the Journal of Clinical Investigation.
Direct excision of the glandular tissue over any other surgical technique when correcting gynecomastia deformities in body builders
Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015 Feb;135(2):425-32. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000000887.
Correction of gynecomastia in body builders and patients with good physique.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Temporary gynecomastia in the form of breast buds is a common finding in young male subjects. In adults, permanent gynecomastia is an aesthetic impairment that may result in interest in surgical correction. Gynecomastia in body builders creates an even greater distress for patients seeking surgical treatment because of the demands of professional competition. The authors present their experience with gynecomastia in body builders as the largest study of such a group in the literature.METHODS:
Between the years 1980 and 2013, 1574 body builders were treated surgically for gynecomastia. Of those, 1073 were followed up for a period of 1 to 5 years. Ages ranged from 18 to 51 years. Subtotal excision in the form of subcutaneous mastectomy with removal of at least 95 percent of the glandular tissue was used in virtually all cases. In cases where body fat was extremely low, liposuction was performed in fewer than 2 percent of the cases.RESULTS:
Aesthetically pleasing results were achieved in 98 percent of the cases based on the authors' patient satisfaction survey. The overall rate of hematomas was 9 percent in the first 15 years of the series and 3 percent in the final 15 years. There were no infections, contour deformities, or recurrences.CONCLUSIONS:
This study demonstrates the importance of direct excision of the glandular tissue over any other surgical technique when correcting gynecomastia deformities in body builders. The novice surgeon is advised to proceed with cases that are less challenging, primarily with patients that require excision of small to medium glandular tissue.CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.- PMID:
- 25626789
- [PubMed - in process]
Exercise and sex steroid hormones in skeletal muscle.
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2015 Jan;145:200-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.03.009. Epub 2014 Apr 3.
Exercise and sex steroid hormones in skeletal muscle.
Abstract
Sex steroid
hormones are secreted mainly by the ovary and testis and regulate
diverse physiological processes in target tissues. Recent studies have
shown that sex
steroidogenesis-related mRNA and protein expressions, such as for
17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), 3β-HSD, 5α-reductase and
aromatase cytochrome P-450 (P450arom) enzymes, are detected in the
skeletal muscle, while testosterone, estradiol, and
5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were locally synthesized in skeletal muscle
from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Moreover, in animal and human
studies, the sex steroidogenesis enzymes and sex steroid hormone levels in skeletal muscle are upregulated by acute and chronic exercise stimulation. The enhanced muscle sex
steroidgenesis is associated with glycemic control via upregulation of
muscle glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) signaling in obese and diabetic
rats and with muscle mass and strength in older men. Thus, an
exercise-induced increase of sex steroid hormone in muscle may positively impact age-related concerns such as life-related diseases and sarcopenia.
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS:
Aerobic exercise; Aging; Glucose metabolism; Resistance training; Sarcopenia; Sex steroidogenesis
Pheromone
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jul 8;100(14):8337-41. Epub 2003 Jun 25.
Evolutionary deterioration of the vomeronasal pheromone transduction pathway in catarrhine primates.
Abstract
Pheromones
are water-soluble chemicals released and sensed by individuals of the
same species to elicit social and reproductive behaviors or
physiological changes; they are perceived primarily by the vomeronasal
organ (VNO) in terrestrial vertebrates. Humans and some related primates
possess only vestigial VNOs and have no or significantly reduced
ability to detect pheromones, a phenomenon not well understood at the
molecular level. Here we show that genes encoding the TRP2 ion channel
and V1R pheromone receptors, two components of the vomeronasal pheromone
signal transduction pathway, have been impaired and removed from
functional constraints since shortly before the separation of hominoids
and Old World monkeys approximately 23 million years ago, and that the
random inactivation of pheromone receptor genes is an ongoing process
even in present-day humans. The phylogenetic distribution of vomeronasal
pheromone insensitivity is concordant with those of conspicuous female
sexual swelling and male trichromatic color vision, suggesting that a
vision-based signaling-sensory mechanism may have in part replaced the
VNO-mediated chemical-based system in the social/reproductive activities
of hominoids and Old World monkeys (catarrhines).
- PMID:
- 12826614
- [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
- PMCID:
- PMC166230
#didyouknow that People who recover from #Ebola can develop antibodies in their body, which last for a minimum of 10 years #fact
— MedicineFactsIn30Sec (@MedicineIn30sec) 2 Marzo 2015Hemiagnosia
Hemiagnosia-Hemispatial Neglect:patients may ignore the contralesional side of body; for instance, they shave only to the non-neglected side
— MedicineFactsIn30Sec (@MedicineIn30sec) 2 Marzo 2015domenica 1 marzo 2015
sabato 28 febbraio 2015
venerdì 27 febbraio 2015
giovedì 26 febbraio 2015
Whey protein and creatine - Nutritional supplements
Duodecim. 2011;127(7):700-5.
[Whey protein and creatine as nutritional supplements].
- 1TYKS, Raision sairaala, sisãtautien klinikka, PL 43, 21201 Raisio.
Abstract
Nutritional
supplements are very popular especially among athletes although some
studies show either controversial or even negative results. However, whey protein and creatine seem to have positive effects on muscle
size, strength and athletic performance without major adverse effects
and high costs. Most studies have shown that supplementation of whey protein can enhance muscle growth
in response to resistance training. Some studies also suggest that whey
may enhance recovery from heavy exercise and possibly decrease muscle damage and soreness. Creatine supplementation increases the intracellular pool of phosphocreatine in skeletal muscle. Phosphocreatine provides a reserve of energy to rapidly regenerate ATP, which is consumed as a result of muscle contraction. Creatine has been studied in hundreds of clinical trials and has shown benefits including increased muscle strength, power and size.
via PUBMED
via PUBMED
16 and pregnant
"The results suggest that girls who watched 16 and Pregnant, compared with a control group, reported a lower perception of their own risk for pregnancy and a greater perception that the benefits of teen pregnancy outweigh the risks. The authors also examined the relationships between homophily and parasocial interaction with the teen moms featured in 16 and Pregnant and attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral intentions, finding that homophily predicted lower risk perceptions, greater acceptance of myths about teen pregnancy, and more favorable attitudes about teen pregnancy."
Link to the abstract
mercoledì 25 febbraio 2015
Minoxidil - Hair loss
In the study "Efficacy and safety of 3% minoxidil versus combined 3% minoxidil / 0.1% finasteride in male pattern hair loss: a randomized, double-blind, comparative study" , dr Tanglertsampan compared the efficacy and safety of the 24 weeks application of 3% minoxidil lotion (MNX) versus combined 3% minoxidil and 0.1% finasteride lotion (MFX) in men with AGA. Was not found statistically different between two groups, global photographic assessment showed significantly greater improvement in the MFX group than the MNX group. There was no sexual side effect. MFX may be a safe and effective treatment option.
(J Med Assoc Thai. 2012 Oct;95(10):1312-6.)
Carnitine : for fitness and for heart disease
What is carnitine?
- carnitine is a naturally occurring substance that the body needs for energy.
- carnitine is used to treat carnitine deficiency and helps the Heart in case of disease.
- carnitine may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
- carnitine is often used in fitness , as creatine or other substances.
Take Carnitine To Improve Performance
A study in "The Journal of Physiology " is the first to show that
muscle carnitine content can be increased in humans through diet . Once
carnitine is elevated, metabolism in the body is dependent on the
intensity of exercise, allowing for better energy use and performance.
Researchers gave a placebo or a supplement of carnitine tartrate
and carbs to experienced
athletes who were training for a triathlon three to five times a week.
After 24 weeks of supplementation, the carnitine group increased
performance from baseline by 11 percent in the exercise trials compared
to no improvement in the placebo group. Participants who took carnitine
also rated the trial and the exercise bout they performed at 80 percent
of max to be easier than at baseline, while the placebo had no
difference in rating of perceived exertion (RPE).
Two key points from this study are essential for making carnitine
supplementation effective at elevating performance.
First, it takes a
long supplementation period to raise muscle carnitine levels and reap
the benefits of improved energy production. In this study after three
months there were no changes in performance or RPE from baseline, but
after 6 months those improvements were pronounced and statistically
significant.
Second, carnitine doesn’t optimally accumulate or “load” in muscle
unless accompanied by high insulin concentrations. This explains why
many previous studies have NOT shown increases in muscle carnitine after
taking it in multi-gram doses.
In this study the carnitine was taken with carbs because the carbs
triggered insulin release, which allowed the carnitine to load into the
muscle.
Pairing carnitine with carbs is one option, but
carnitine can also be paired with omega-3s, which may be more
appropriate for individuals whose primary goal is to lose fat.
(via poliquingroup)
helps
the body break down fat and turn it into energy. It also increases the
activity of certain nerve cells in the central nervous system. Carnitine
is an amino acid naturally produced by the body in the liver and
kidneys and stored in the skeletal muscles, heart, brain and sperm. The
nutrient also occurs in fish, poultry, red meat and some types of dairy.
- See more at:
http://www.mensfitness.com/nutrition/supplements/carnitine#sthash.VWW3Zj01.dpuf
helps
the body break down fat and turn it into energy. It also increases the
activity of certain nerve cells in the central nervous system. Carnitine
is an amino acid naturally produced by the body in the liver and
kidneys and stored in the skeletal muscles, heart, brain and sperm. The
nutrient also occurs in fish, poultry, red meat and some types of dairy.
- See more at:
http://www.mensfitness.com/nutrition/supplements/carnitine#sthash.VWW3Zj01.dpuf
They tried to provide the most comprehensive physiological profile of bodybuilding competition preparation and recovery ever compiled
Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2013 Sep;8(5):582-92. Epub 2013 Feb 14.
Natural bodybuilding competition preparation and recovery: a 12-month case study.
Abstract
Bodybuilding
is a sport in which competitors are judged on muscular appearance. This
case study tracked a drug-free male bodybuilder (age 26-27 y) for the 6
mo before and after a competition.
PURPOSE:
The aim of this study was to provide the most comprehensive physiological profile of bodybuilding competition preparation and recovery ever compiled.METHODS:
Cardiovascular parameters, body composition, strength, aerobic capacity, critical power, mood state, resting energy expenditure, and hormonal and other blood parameters were evaluated.RESULTS:
Heart rate decreased from 53 to 27 beats/min during preparation and increased to 46 beats/min within 1 mo after competition. Brachial blood pressure dropped from 132/69 to 104/56 mmHg during preparation and returned to 116/64 mmHg at 6 mo after competition. Percent body fat declined from 14.8% to 4.5% during preparation and returned to 14.6% during recovery. Strength decreased during preparation and did not fully recover during 6 months of recovery. Testosterone declined from 9.22 to 2.27 ng/mL during preparation and returned back to the baseline level, 9.91 ng/mL, after competition. Total mood disturbance increased from 6 to 43 units during preparation and recovered to 4 units 6 mo after competition.CONCLUSIONS:
This case study provides a thorough documentation of the physiological changes that occurred during natural bodybuilding competition and recovery.- PMID:
- 23412685
- [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
BABY BOTTLES : STERILISING
Sterilising baby bottles
There are several ways you can sterilise your baby’s feeding equipment. These include using a cold water sterilising solution, by steam sterilising, or boiling.The following instructions apply to all feeding equipment you use for your baby, whether you are using expressed breast milk or infant formula.
Remember, before sterilising, always:
- Clean the feeding bottle and teat in hot, soapy water as soon as possible after a feed, using a clean bottle brush (only use this brush for cleaning bottles).
- Rinse all your equipment in clean, cold running water before sterilising.
Cold water sterilising solution
- Follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
- Change the sterilising solution every 24 hours.
- Leave feeding equipment in the sterilising solution for at least 30 minutes.
- Make sure there is no air trapped in the bottles or teats when putting them in the sterilising solution.
- Keep all the equipment under the solution with a floating cover.
Steam sterilising (electric steriliser or microwave)
- It's important to follow the manufacturer’s instructions, as there are several different types of sterilisers.
- Make sure the openings of the bottles and teats are facing downwards in the steriliser.
- Manufacturers will give guidelines on how long you can leave equipment that you are not using immediately (straight after sterilising) before it needs to be resterilised.
Sterilising by boiling
- When using this method, care must be taken to ensure safety and prevent scalds or burns. Hot pans and liquids should not be left unattended, especially if children are present.
- Make sure that whatever you sterilise in this way is safe to boil.
- Boil the feeding equipment in water for at least 10 minutes, making sure that all items stay under the water's surface.
- Remember that teats tend to get damaged faster with this method. Regularly check that teats and bottles are not torn, cracked or damaged.
- Wash your hands thoroughly. Clean and disinfect the surface where you will put together the bottle and teat.
- It's best to remove the bottles just before they are used.
- If the bottles are not being used immediately, they should be put together fully with the teat and lid in place. This is to prevent the inside of the sterilised bottle from being contaminated, along with the inside and outside of the teat.
Guarana - Side effects
Guarana is also present in some soft drinks imported from South America in a manner similar to American soft-drinks fortified with caffeine.
It helps to lose weight and to stay awake, and can help fitness performances.
Stop taking guarana and seek emergency medical attention if you experience
-
a serious allergic reaction including difficulty breathing; closing
of the throat; swelling of the lips, tongue, or face; or hives; or
-
irregular heartbeats or chest pain.
Talk to your doctor or health care provider if you experience
-
heartburn;
-
upset stomach;
-
loss of appetite;
-
constipation or diarrhea;
-
nervousness, irritability, or anxiety;
-
sleeplessness;
-
irregular heartbeats;
-
headache.
(via drugs.com)
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